Moldova

Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a formally competitive political system, but one that struggles with institutional fragility and strong geopolitical pressures.
The capital is Chișinău, and the official language is Romanian (also referred to as Moldovan).

Political system and governance

Moldova has a multiparty system and competitive elections, yet political polarization remains intense.
 Key challenges include:

• Persistent tension between the executive and parliament
• Limited independence of the judiciary
• Enduring influence of oligarchic and legacy political networks
• Sharp divide between pro-European and pro-Russian political forces

Despite democratic structures, governance is often affected by instability and institutional weakness.

Human rights and civil society

Moldova has an active civil society with strong international connections.
 Current concerns include:

• Media polarization
• Disinformation campaigns and risks of foreign influence
• Socioeconomic disparities between regions affecting rights and services

Nevertheless, civic participation remains an important safeguard for democracy.

Economy and key indicators

Moldova’s economy is small and vulnerable.
 Main constraints:

• Limited industrial capacity
• High levels of corruption and weak governance
• Energy dependence and associated political risks
• Emigration-driven labor shortages

Closer integration with the EU has opened new development opportunities in recent years.

Regional relations and foreign policy

Moldova’s foreign policy is defined by two competing dynamics:

• Strong aspiration for EU integration
• Significant security and political risks tied to Russian influence and the unresolved Transnistria conflict

Balancing these vectors remains a central challenge.

Challenges and prospects

• Strengthening judicial and anti-corruption reforms
• Improving resilience against foreign interference
• Securing sustainable energy diversification
• Reducing political polarization
• Advancing toward EU accession